Many small- to mid-size utilities are planning to upgrade their water treatment plants both to
expand capacity and to meet new regulations. Many of these utilities currently use a
conventional treatment scheme, and, as these utilities now consider modifications to their plants,
the question often asked is whether to change the treatment scheme to achieve a higher quality
water at a more cost-effective price. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages
that these utilities should consider in evaluating treatment processes, including conventional
treatment (both with and without enhanced coagulation), ballasted flocculation, upflow and
reactor clarifiers, dissolved air flotation, and membrane treatment.
In evaluating these processes, many decision factors were considered, including raw water
quality, treatment effectiveness, ability to meet existing and proposed regulations, capital costs,
operation and maintenance costs, ease in retrofit, and life-cycle costs.
As a model, a decision scheme was set up for an example town whose treatment plant is in
the process of expansion. The town's existing plant utilizes conventional treatment, and, due to
certain resource limitations and raw water quality parameters, the town would like to evaluate
different options for expansion.
Includes 3 references, tables, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. - No. |
| File Size : | 1
file
, 360 KB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 15 |
| Published : | 06/16/2002 |
