A proven technology for minimizing the formation of bromate is ozonation of the water
at a reduced (typically acidic) pH. However, most waters that are high in bromide are
relatively high in alkalinity. In such waters, the cost of acid to lower the pH and caustic to raise
the pH back up for distribution can be higher than the cost of generating the ozone. In
addition, there is an NSF limit on acid addition (i.e., 50 mg/L).
In order to reliably comply with the bromate MCL of 10 µg/L, many utilities are
designing processes to meet the MCL with a 20-percent safety factor (i.e., <8 µg/L). Because
the 10-4 cancer risk level for bromate is at 5 µg/L, some utilities are attempting to meet a lower
bromate goal. This paper discusses full-scale experiences at two ozone plants to comply with the
bromate MCL or a lower health-based risk level, as well as the cost and feasibility. Includes 8 references, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. - No. |
| File Size : | 1
file
, 310 KB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 37 |
| Published : | 06/01/2007 |
