The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulation has been more and more stringent on disinfection byproducts in
drinking water distribution systems since the promulgation of the Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfection
Byproducts Rules. In the past, at the City of Ft. Lupton, Colorado, total trihalomethanes
(TTHM) concentrations in the water distribution system exceeded the maximum contamination
level (MCL). Currently, a direct membrane microfiltration process followed by chlorine
disinfection is employed at the Ft. Lupton Water Treatment Plant, which has been ineffective in
the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) (the precursor of disinfection byproducts). Enhanced
coagulation assisted by the membrane ultrafiltration eliminates the need for clarification, which
significantly reduces the footprint of the plant. Ultrafiltration is also effective in the removal of
pathogens, bacteria, and viruses. A pilot study was conducted, the objectives of which were to
evaluate the efficiency and feasibility of enhanced coagulation, membrane ultrafiltration,
granular activated carbon (GAC), and their combinations on TOC removal and examined the
likelihood of the compliance with Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rule (S2DBPR). A pilot
plant at the capacity of 4.5 m<sup>3</sup>/h was set up and run for over two months. Coagulation with ferric
sulfate was optimized in terms of pH and chemical dosing rate. Results show that enhanced
coagulation assisted by membrane ultrafiltration achieved up to 56% TOC removal at pH 5.7 and
25 mg/L ferric dose. The membrane flux was stable at 1.5 L/m<sup>2</sup>/min for about 1 month without
the need for chemical cleaning for recovery. Appending GAC columns to direct membrane
ultrafiltration achieved 45% TOC removal for GAC20 and 17% TOC removal for GAC10.
About 80% of TOC was removed with the combination of enhanced coagulation, membrane
ultrafiltration, and GAC10 filtration. Simulated Distribution System (SDS)-TTHM analysis
indicated that enhanced coagulation and GAC20 will lead to S2DBPR compliance if
implemented individually. Opinions of Probable Costs (OPC) for different combinations were
estimated and indicated that enhanced coagulation assisted by membrane ultrafiltration was cost
effective. Includes 8 references, tables, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. - No. |
| File Size : | 1
file
, 700 KB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 16 |
| Published : | 11/01/2008 |
