The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California converted from chlorine to chloramine disinfection in 1985 to assist its 27 member agencies in complying with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's trihalomethane (THM) regulation. Extensive investigations into the chemical, microbiological, and engineering aspects of chloramine disinfection were completed prior to the changeover. This paper summarizes Metropolitan's experience in the practical aspects of implementing chloramine disinfection and dealing with problems such as the blending of chloraminated and chlorinated water, public notification, material and equipment failures, investigative and corrective measures in support of kidney dialysis facilities and others, taste-and-odor (T&O) episodes, loss of residuals as a result of nitrification, and assistance to member agencies. Operational considerations and chloramine chemistry are discussed, as well as the nitrification control strategy plan adopted by Metropolitan. Emphasis is placed on the need for (1) a public notification program so that chloramination's impact on kidney dialysis patients and fish can be fully understood and (2) a comprehensive in-house training program for all employees involved in the operation of Metropolitan's system. A table lists nine large US cities in which chloramination is used. A number of dose-residual curves are given.
| File Size : | 1
file |
| ISBN(s) : | 0898675898 |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 18 |
| Published : | 01/01/1991 |
