In the State of Virginia, an evaluation of existing greensand filtration systems was conducted to assess the long term viability of such systems for the removal of iron and manganese. Treatment efficiency, and operation and maintenance concerns were evaluated to determine the proper application of greensand technology. Methods currently used to remove iron and manganese include: oxidation followed by filtration, greensand filtration, lime-soda softening, ion exchange, and sequestering. For this paper, manganese greensand filtration was evaluated to determine its value in the treatment of iron and manganese laden water supplies. Specific installations have shown manganese greensand to be a less costly removal process for certain groundwater supplies with low turbidity. Some municipalities have achieved very good iron and manganese removal with the use of greensand. Virginia installations reduced concentrations for iron and manganese from 5 ppm to 0.05 ppm and 0.7 ppm to 0.03 ppm, respectively. These finish water concentrations are significantly lower than the EPA's Maximum Contaminant Levels. In the evaluation of iron and manganese removal treatment technologies, manganese greensand is a preferred technology when applied to the appropriate water source and operational conditions.
| File Size : | 1
file |
| ISBN(s) : | 0898677769 |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 21 |
| Published : | 01/01/1994 |
