About 8% of the electricity produced in North America is used to pump water; this electrical cost is a major component of the operational expenses of water utilities. Electrical charges are usually based on power consumption at various times; they are probably higher at times of peak electrical usage, and sometimes lower when there is little overall electrical use. Additional demand charges are often imposed based on the maximum usage at any time, and are applied for an extended period. Water utilities have other problems, such as optimizing capital expenditures and ensuring that good quality water is supplied to users. The pumping/storage strategy adopted should meet all such criteria. To be effective, the strategy must be clearly understood by the operators - and should be prepared with their participation, since they have to implement it.
| File Size : | 1
file |
| ISBN(s) : | 0898677246 |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 3 |
| Published : | 01/01/1993 |
