The costs of granular activated carbon (GAC) filter-adsorbers (second-stage GAC filtration) were compared with those of the sand replacement option (first-stage GAC filtration). Simulation models of total organic carbon (TOC) adsorption and particle removal were used to describe filter performance. First-stage filtration was found to be the most cost-effective treatment option when TOC removals of <55 percent are sufficient. When treating waters with low TOC concentrations, using a large number of adsorbers in parallel, and regenerating the GAC off-site, first-stage filtration was found to be cost-effective for TOC removals as high as 75 percent. Second-stage GAC adsorbers should become more cost-efficient for removal of low concentrations of TOC as conventional filters for turbidity removal are designed at higher filtration rates. Includes 20 references, tables, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. 79 - No. 12 |
| File Size : | 1
file
, 1.9 MB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 11 |
| Published : | 12/01/1987 |
