Under the proposed Long-term 2 Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule, water suppliers
using membranes must conduct periodic direct
integrity testing and continuous indirect monitoring
to receive credits for Cryptosporidium removal.
Membrane filtration facilities currently use pressure
hold tests to detect minor breaches of membrane
integrity and particle counting and/or turbidity monitoring
to meet regulatory requirements and detect
more-pronounced breaches in membrane integrity.
However, no single test for monitoring membrane
integrity satisfactorily fulfills the criteria for all
requirements. This article provides an overview of
direct and indirect membrane monitoring techniques,
summarizes their strengths and weaknesses, and
identifies current trends, future developments in
membrane integrity monitoring, and areas where
further research is needed. In lieu of a single "ideal"
technique for monitoring membrane integrity, the
authors propose a comprehensive integrity monitoring
program that incorporates several existing
methods. Includes 56 references, tables, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. 95 - No. 6 |
| File Size : | 1
file
, 380 KB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 13 |
| Published : | 06/01/2003 |
