Waters produced from five different treatment systems (aeration (G1), NF (G4), CSF-O3-
GAC (S1), IMS (CSF-NF or S2) and high pressure RO are blended and distributed to 18
different pilot distribution systems (PDS) to determine the effect of blending on distribution
water quality. PVC, lined iron, cast iron and galvanized steel pipes taken from actual distribution
systems were used in the construction of the PDSs. A HRT of five days was utilized for the
study. Models for free chlorine and chloramines dissipation were developed using non-linear
regression from the PDS data. The model parameters are pipe material, chlorine dose (mg/L Cl),
temperature (oC), time (hr), and UV254 (cm-1). The models follow first-order kinetics with respect to chlorine dose. The model for free
chlorine includes an overall rate constant whereas the chloramines model was further developed
to separate the effect of bulk reactions from the wall reactions. The results for the models show
that chlorine decay is highly affected by the pipe material. The rate of chlorine dissipation for
PVC and lined iron is less than that for cast iron and galvanized steel. In general PVC pipes have
the capacity to keep chlorine residual longer than the other materials. The iron-based pipes show
a rapid decline in the chlorine concentration due to the reaction of chlorine with the corrosion
products of iron.
The models show that the rate of chlorine dissipation increases with an increase of either
temperature or organic content. TOC reduction increases PDS residual. Fifty percent TOC
removal corresponded to doubling the residual presence. Residuals are difficult to maintain in
waters above 25 degrees C. Pipe material was the most significant factor affecting residual presence.
The free chlorine and chloramines models were verified using independent data. Includes 11 references, tables, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. - No. |
| File Size : | 1
file
, 2.4 MB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 13 |
| Published : | 03/05/2003 |
