Over the past ten years, there has been a remarkable shift in the treatment process of choice for softening the numerous "hard," colored groundwater supplies in Florida. Where municipalities would have used lime softening in the past, membrane softening technologies now are being selected because of their ability to remove color and disinfection byproduct precursors in addition to softening. Commonly, groundwater supplies in Florida are classified as being "hard"; having relatively high concentrations of calcium. Many of these supplies also have substantial dissolved organic color, hydrogen sulfide, and iron. Until about ten years ago, essentially all municipal groundwater treatment plants in Florida practicing softening used the lime softening process and, in many cases, relatively high dosages of chlorine for disinfection and "bleaching-out color." With the onset of more stringent drinking water standards, particularly for disinfectants and disinfectant byproducts, and the development and commercialization of nanofiltration membranes, new softening plants in the state have favored membrane softening over lime softening in treating colored groundwater. Based on the results of a new membrane softening plant cost survey, this paper presents construction, operation and maintenance (O&M), and total treated water costs of membrane softening water treatment plants in Florida.
| File Size : | 1
file |
| ISBN(s) : | 0898678153 |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 27 |
| Published : | 01/01/1995 |
