CRC PRACT ASPS RAPE INVEST PDF

Preface

One of the most startling aspects of sex crimes is how many go unreported. The most common reasons given by women for not reporting these crimes are the beliefs that they are private or personal matters and fears of reprisal from the assailant. The FBI estimates that only 37% of all rapes are reported to the police. U.S. Justice Department statistics are even lower, indicating that only 26% of all rapes or attempted rapes are reported to law enforcement officials.

These figures become even more critical when we realize that, despite the increased focus on criminal investigation of rape and sexual assault crimes, only slightly more than half of the reported cases result in the arrest of a suspect—a figure that has not changed over the past four decades. An overwhelming majority of rape victim service agencies believes that public education about rape, as well as expanded counseling and advocacy services for rape victims, would be effective in increasing the willingness of victims to report rapes to the police.

Concurrent with the numbers of victims and suspects arrested, there has been a burgeoning of research into myriad factors interwoven with sexual violence and its aftermath. Substantial contributions have been made to advancing the state of knowledge for law enforcement agents, health professionals, rape crisis staffs, and criminal justice professionals.

Although most people working with sexual crimes see either the victim or offender, the investigator and prosecutor frequently encounter both the victims and offenders of sexual assault. Thus, it becomes crucial that these two groups have the benefit of research results in the fields of victimology, criminology, behavioral sciences, forensic sciences, and criminal justice. Such information can substantially impact the effectiveness of the investigative interview, the collection of forensic evidence, and the prosecution of cases.

The aim of this fourth edition of Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation is to present current research findings and new forensic techniques and to acquaint the reader with current information about special populations of victims and offenders.

The book is divided into four sections. Section I includes three chapters specific to the victims of rape and sexual assault. In the first chapter, Burgess and Marchetti review contemporary issues in the field of sexual violence. In the second chapter, Amar and Burgess outline the short- and long-term consequences of rape and sexual assault. Victim care services, including history and the SANE and SART programs, comprise the third chapter by Burgess, Lewis-O'Connor, Nugent-Borakove, and Fanflick.

Section II includes 10 chapters on the investigation of rape and sexual assault cases. Chapter 4, by Hazelwood and Warren, addresses the relevance of fantasy in serial sexual crime investigations, proposing that fantasy is the link between the underlying motivation for sexual assaults and the behavior exhibited during the crime. In chapter 5, Hazelwood and Warren contrast impulsive and ritualistic behavior in the sexually violent offender and illustrate with case examples. Chapter 6 deals with the behavioral-oriented interview of rape victims, and Hazelwood and Burgess describe interviewing the victim to determine the verbal, physical, and sexual behavior exhibited by the offender during the commission of the crime. In chapter 7, Hazelwood describes his process for analyzing rape and presents such an analysis via an extensive case history. There are several new chapters in this edition, one of which is Napier's chapter 8 on interviewing the rapist. He presents basic steps and techniques of the interview process, taking into account the type of rapist being interviewed. Chapter 9 by Rossmo describes geographic profiling as an investigative method that uses the locations of a series of crimes to determine the most probable area of offender residence. In chapter 10, Hazelwood and Warren demonstrate how analyzing and comparing behavior in a series of crimes can be used to determine the likelihood that the same offender is responsible for the crimes in question. One of the thorniest problems in rape investigation is a false allegation. An inherent conflict arises between the investigator's obligation to accept the victim's complaint as legitimate and his duty to develop the facts of the case. Chapter 11, by Hazelwood and Burgess, reviews the literature on rape allegations and proposes a model to understand the concept. This chapter includes a discussion on motivation and red flags for false allegations. In chapter 12, Hazelwood and Lanning define the concept of collateral material in sexual crimes and identify the various types of such material. Chapter 13 is written by criminologist attorney Richard Leo, who has studied how and why innocent people confess to crimes that carry potentially lengthy sentences; he describes how law enforcement may avoid such situations. Section III deals with forensics and the court. In chapters 14 and 15 on physical evidence in sexual assault investigations and evidence recovery consideration, Spalding and Bigbee provide a solid background and framework for recovering and processing physical evidence in rape and sexual assault cases. The forensic scientists discuss the collection and observation of physical and trace evidence of the victim, the offender, and the scene of the crime, and the presentation of evidence in court. Chapter 16 by Taroli is new and presents the methodology of complicated medical examinations of sexually abused children. Brown and Sommers, in chapter 17, present the injury research and forensic examination of the adult victim. Medical treatment for the victim is also outlined. Chapter 18, by Burgess and Hazelwood, presents rapist categories derived from decades of research. Chapter 19 by Scalzo is a new chapter on the prosecution of rape and sexual assault cases.

Section IV deals with special populations. In chapter 20, Lanning describes a typology of offenders who assault children. The relatively new area of cyberstalking by pedophiles is included in the typology as well as incest offenders and offenders with psychopathic disorders. In chapter 21, forensic psychologist John Hunter writes on the sexual crimes of juveniles and provides insights on juvenile sex offenders and their classifications. Chapter 22, by Warren and Hislop, concerns female sex offenders and presents relevant information on a little understood population of women who sexually offend. Chapter 23, written by forensic psychiatrist Michael Welner and forensic nurse Barbara Welner, is new and presents current findings and insights on the serious problem of drug-facilitated rape. Chapter 24, by Hazelwood, Dietz, and Warren, deals with the criminal sexual sadist and contains findings from their study of 30 men who sadistically raped and/or murdered their victims. In chapter 25, Hazelwood discusses findings from his interviews of the female partners of sexual sadists. In chapter 26, Burgess and Morgenbesser provide insightful information on the sexual abuse of elderly victims. Chapter 27, by Burgess, Prentky, and Safarik, follows up on the topic of elder sexual abuse by discussing a study and classification system of those who offend against the elderly. Chapter 28, written by forensic psychiatrist James Knoll is about educator sexual misconduct and discusses the patterns of female educators who "groom" their students for sexual abuse.

This book represents a major commitment by its authors to present the most current knowledge for the investigation and prosecution of rape and other sexual assault cases.