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Introduction:

The Academy

The FBI Academy, located some 50 miles south of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, is situated on the west side of the Quantico Marine Base. The Marines have been at Quantico since 1917. The FBI Academy moved in during the mid-1930s. It is here that all U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) officer training and other USMC training missions are conducted. Unlike any other Marine base, Quantico is not the home of any fighting force; it is home for the schools of the corps.

The FBI Academy arrived for firearms training in 1935 and never left. Prior to 1935, all special agents of the FBI were unarmed. It was their job to investigate crimes and gather evidence. When enough evidence was gathered, the FBI would call on the U.S. Marshals or local police to make the arrest. This abruptly changed when Special Agent Ray Caffrey and three police officers were killed by Baby Face Nelson as he attempted to "rescue" Frank Nash at the Kansas City train station on June 17, 1933. Nash, who was killed in the shootout, was being transported to Leavenworth. He was to take a vehicle from the Kansas City train station to the federal prison (Clayton, 1975).

The Director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, petitioned Congress to allow the FBI to carry firearms. By January 1935 this authorization was provided and the FBI sought out the best firearms training available. The plan was for the USMC, as an interim measure, to train the FBI at its pistol ranges at Quantico while the FBI sought out special agents within its ranks to take over this training at a more suitable location. Excellent firearms instructors within the FBI were soon identified, but no other suitable location was found. This was the beginning of a special relationship between the FBI and the USMC. It is interesting that, although the USMC makes up only about 10 percent of the U.S. military, the majority of FBI agents who are former members of the military are former Marines.

I joined the FBI in 1968. After 3 months of training at Quantico, I was transferred to the San Antonio Division, where I worked in headquarters for 2 months. I worked applicants and some criminal cases. I was transferred to the Austin, Texas, resident agency where I had a "road trip" that covered 10 counties. For the next 10 months I worked applicant, criminal, and security cases and had the time of my life. My wife and I hoped the Bureau would forget about us and leave us in Texas. Unfortunately, policy in those days was to transfer new agents after a year to a second office. Because I opened my big mouth at the wrong time as a new agent, I was identified as a potential instructor for the new academy. Therefore, I was transferred to the Washington field office (WFO). In those days the Bureau did not have any costof- living allowances, and I took a substantial cut in salary.

In a very depressed state, my wife and I drove across our great nation in the early winter of 1969 to "the dreaded" East Coast with our infant daughter and two dogs, one of whom had diarrhea. Except for ski clothes, we had no winter clothing. For financial reasons we moved to Takoma Park, Maryland. We had some fantastic neighbors, the Holland family, who took us under their wing and made this difficult time in our lives much more palatable, and even enjoyable. From our home I could walk a few blocks and take the bus to work, thus saving money on gas, parking, and commuting. This usually worked well. In fact I made my first arrest, a pickpocket, on my bus. However, on too many occasions I had to work late. Because the bus service terminated before I was finished, my wife had to drive into Washington, D.C. through some rough areas with our infant daughter, the two dogs, and a pistol for protection, to pick me up at work. This was not a fun time. Had it not been for the Holland family and our involvement in our church, I am sure we would have left the Bureau.

Among my initial responsibilities was to identify KGB and GRU agents, "turn them," or cause them to be returned to the Soviet Union. This really bothered me. As I saw it, I was to identify spies so they would be deported and sent home. All I ever really wanted from the FBI was to be sent home to California. I requested and received a transfer to work criminal cases. I found the work enjoyable, but still checked the Office of Preference list monthly to chart my progress toward a transfer to a California office. In early 1972, within a month I arrested a neighbor, my wife had an ugly encounter with some local thugs, and I saw a memo listing the qualifications and directing interested agents to apply for an instructor's position at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. When I applied, I did not know I would also be promoted. We just wanted to get out of the Washington, D.C. area.

When I joined the Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) in 1972, there were about a dozen of us. Of that number, seven were former Marines. Of the seven, three were former officers, and the rest of us were former noncommissioned officers (NCOs). A more complete history of the BSU is available in the text written by John Campbell entitled Into the Minds of Mad Men (Campbell and DeNevi, 2003).

The FBI Academy is a very special place where hundreds of very special people serve their country in silence. Some refer to it as Hoover High. Others call it the Harvard of Law Enforcement. In either case, it is a very, very special place. I met Congressional Medal of Honor winner and USMC legend Lt. Colonel Archie Vandergrift, and later Special Agent and former Navy Seal Tom Norris at the Academy (Anderson, 1983). It was my honor to be one of their instructors. The high quality and caliber of our students served as a constant source of motivation to the staff to do our very best.

The FBI legends who served at our academy are legion. Among them are Pearl Harbor veteran Inspector Jim Cotter, who ran the FBI National Academy program. The Inspector, as Jim was known, earned the Bronze Star for his actions at Schofield Barracks. He is credited with downing a Japanese aircraft with his 03 rifle. At the Academy he was affectionately known as the Dancing Bear: "dancing" because of his ability to dance around regulations to ensure the best training experience and program possible, and "bear" because of his stature. Jim led by example. He could give an instructor an unforgettable chewing out and then sit down with that instructor, have a beer, and move on with the program.

Jack Kirsch, the father of behavioral science, is discussed at length in Campbell's book. Some have characterized him as a "truck driver with a Ph.D." Like Jim, Jack was a leader of men. When I first met him, Jack already had 20 years on the job and was an aspiring doctoral candidate at Catholic University. A member of the FBI Kidnap Response Squad, he had worked as a street agent in five major cities, served as a supervisory special agent in three headquarters divisions, and been selected by Director Hoover to head up the embryonic behavioral science experiment that would grow into several units.

An aerial gunner, 15th Air Force, during World War II, Jack's proficiency with firearms earned him a berth as a firearms instructor at the old FBI Academy, that was "Main side Quantico," in 1955. His subsequent assignments as the Police Training Coordinator in the Chicago and Pittsburgh offices gave him eight additional years to hone his instructional skills. Recalled to the Training Division in 1966, Jack waged a rigorous, relentless campaign for the creation of tactical response and the inclusion of additional aircraft in our field operations. He was the seminal force behind the FBI SWAT and aircraft support programs. He earned the nickname of Crazy Jack. Clearly, in everything he did, he was well ahead of his time. Jack wore two hats: As a tactical firearms expert he planned and trained for the inevitable, and as a student of human behavior he knew that words could prevail over force and that power did not necessarily flow from the barrel of a gun. Jack was our creator, our mentor, our father-confessor, and our coconspirator as we worked to build the new FBI Academy complex and prepare its staff for the greatest police training effort in history.

During my 20 years with the FBI, I met many men like Jim and Jack. All were from humble beginnings. Most were the first son in their family to complete college. All were overachievers.

The FBI Academy location, some 50 miles south of Washington, D.C., is crucial. This bit of geography is very important because FBI Headquarters, like all headquarters operations, has a way of stifling creativity and experimentation in favor of established a nonthreatening bureaucratic routing and control. In this regard, those 50 miles between Washington, D.C. and Quantico, Virginia might as well be an ocean. I learned early in my career, in the USMC, as a psychiatric social worker, and later in the FBI, that the further one was from headquarters the better one could do his or her job.

At the Academy we enjoyed a special relationship with field agents. We had the freedom to do what had to be done to do the job well. For the most part, we were left alone by headquarters staff to do the research that was necessary to ensure a good product. As an example, I remember an early trip to the field to assist in an investigation. We were in the Lincoln, Nebraska, resident agency when I overheard one agent ask another who we were. One answered, "They are from headquarters." Another quickly corrected him by saying, "They are not from headquarters, they are from Quantico." Clearly, on the FBI Table of Organization, the FBI Academy Training Division is part of headquarters. However, we were not headquarters types. We actually assisted the field agents in their investigations and saw our role as doing whatever we could to help agents do their job better. This is a very important orientation and concept of operating, at least within the FBI.

One of the reasons we did our job so well was that men like Jim and Jack ran interference for us and kept headquarters off our back. We, in turn, provided high-quality instruction and practical and effective consultation with FBI field agents and law enforcement. We did the research and had the experience to back up our recommendations.