Pain Control: An Open Learning Introduction for Healthcare Workers PDF

INTRODUCTION

This unit focuses primarily on the pharmacological aspects of pain and pain control.

In Session One we revise the topic of neurones. We identify different types of neurone and discuss nerve impulses, neurotransmitters and types of nerve fibre ending.

In Session Two we revise the topic of the structure and function of the brain. We look at the different parts of the brain, and discuss the membranes which cover the brain - the meninges - and the cerebrospinal fluid which protects the brain and the spinal cord.

In Session Three we revise the topic of the structure and function of the spinal cord. We discuss the structure of the spinal cord, and consider peripheral, cranial, spinal and cervical nerves.

In Session Four we revise the topic of voluntary and reflex action and the autonomic nervous system. We start by discussing the function of the central nervous system then discuss voluntary movement and reflex action. We also consider the two parts of the autonomic nervous system: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

In Session Five we discuss the human experience of pain. We review the history of pain, distinguish between acute and chronic pain, and discuss the modulation of pain.

In Session Six we look at the natural analgesic systems of the human body. We start by discussing the endogenous opioid systems of the body and their role in controlling pain. We then go on to consider how acupuncture draws upon these systems to control pain. We also discuss the issues of referred pain and projected or phantom pain.

In Session Seven we look at the development of chronic pain. We start by looking at how different types of pain are transmitted: in particular, we look at the role played by peripheral sensitisation and hyperalgesia in transmitting chronic pain. We then consider the role of a range of chemical mediators in transmitting pain. Next, we look at drugs that relieve pain by sensitising the nociceptors. Finally, we consider the issue of central sensitisation to pain, and the problem of peripheral nerve damage.

In Session Eight we look at the pharmacology of pain control. We start by defining the most important terms used in the session, then go on to discuss an important group of drugs - the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs. We consider the mechanisms of NSAIDs, their therapeutic uses and some of the side effects which can be associated with them. Next, we discuss the use of opioids: how they work, their pharmacological properties, their effects, their therapeutic use and the problems of tolerance, withdrawal and dependence. Finally, we consider the use of some other drugs to relieve pain.

In Session Nine we look at the management of pain. We start by considering the World Health Organisation analgesic ladder of pain management, then look in more detail at the use of drugs in pain management, and consider the problems of drug dependence and what is known as 'the pain habit'.

Author: Stalker Nan