Heat pump water heating (HPWH) for multifamily buildings in cold climates for residents with low to moderate incomes (i.e., residents who experience high energy cost burdens) poses several technological and initial cost-related issues. Generally, the energy burdens families face can be relieved by air-source HPWH systems, which are more efficient than other water heating systems such as electric-resistance and gas-fired technologies. However, the heat source for heat pumping is important in cold climates because the heat ultimately comes from ambient temperatures and the issue becomes severe during winter. Furthermore, the equipment and installation costs for HPWH systems are typically higher than those of gas or electric-resistance water heating systems. Incentive programs at the federal, state, and utility levels can remediate portions of this upfront cost and can significantly reduce the payback period for unitary air-source HPWHs in each apartment. Currently, state-of-the-art HPWH solutions for centralized systems exist and should be considered before retrofitting centralized HPWH solutions to unitary solutions in cold climates because of the ultimate source of heat and space constraints. This paper shows Joseph Rendall is R&D Associate Staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Kashif Nawaz is R&D Distinguished Staff and Section Head at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Keju An is R&D Staff 3 at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO. Mini Malhotra is R&D Staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Fin Casey is ORISE intern at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. William Worek is Senior Building Scientist at Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL. Yanfei Li is R&D Associate Staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Jian Sun is R&D Senior Staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Ahmed Elatar is R&D Associate Staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Tim Rooney is R&D Senior Staff at A.O. Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, WI. Gary Klein is President, Gary Klein and Associates Inc, Rancho Cordova, CA. This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). that a unitary HPWH installation in each apartment is more expensive than installing centralized HPWH equipment for cold climates. Furthermore, novel configurations of water-source HPWH systems coupled with drain heat recovery systems yield the highest system performance and thus lower the energy burden for users, compared with the performance and energy burden of air-source HPWH solutions. The elevated temperature level of the drain compared with outdoor air temperature in the winter months results in significantly higher COPs.
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| Note : | This product is unavailable in Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 9 |
| Product Code(s) : | D-CH-24-C115 |
| Published : | 2024 |
