Ultralow-temperature refrigeration is defined here as refrigeration in the temperature range of –58 to –148°F (–50 to –100°C). What is considered low temperature for an application depends on the temperature range for that specific application. Low temperatures for air conditioning are around 32°F (0°C); for industrial refrigeration, –31 to –58°F (–35 to –50°C); and for cryogenics, approaching 0°R (0 K) (absolute zero). Applications such as freeze-drying, as well as the pharmaceutical, chemical, and petroleum industries, use refrigeration in the ultralow-temperature range as designated in this chapter. The refrigeration cycles presented in this chapter may be used in both standard packaged and custom-designed systems. Cascade systems are emphasized, both autocascade (typical of packaged units) and two-refrigerant cascade (found in custom-engineered ultralow-temperature systems). Autocascade Systems Custom-Designed and Field-Erected Systems Single-Refrigerant Systems Cascade Systems Ultralow-Temperature Materials Insulation Heat Transfer Secondary Coolants
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| Number of Pages : | 12 |
| Published : | 2022 |
| Units of Measure : | SI |
