Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software is used to simulate the filling process in two case studies. The method tracks the shape of the liquid-air interface in the bottle as it is filled and indicates the appearance of splashing or a disturbed liquid surface which generates foam. Use of simulation allows the design engineer to conduct a number of virtual experiments before changes are made to the filling line or bottle geometry. This allows a wide range of conditions to be tested and provides a tool to optimize the filling process in a way which cannot be practically done using empirical methods.
