Scope
Through air drying (TAD) is a process in which hot air is forced through a wet, porous material by imposing
a pressure differential across the material. As the air passes through the porous material, the air heats the material
and supplies energy to evaporate water. The air leaves at a reduced temperature and increased water vapor
concentration. It is the intimate contact between the hot air and the material, coupled with the large internal surface
area of the porous material that gives the high drying rates and superior bulk qualities of paper. This process,
however, often comes at the price of high energy consumption.
In the paper industry, this process has found greatest application in drying of lightweight, permeable webs,
such as tissue, toweling, filter paper, and nonwovens. In such applications, the through dryer may be either a flat bed
or rotary design. The flatbed configuration is illustrated in Fig. 1 and the rotary design in Fig. 2. In this second
configuration, hot air can be forced through the web by pressurizing the porous cylinder, in which case a hood
collects the exhaust air, or hot air can be drawn through the web by applying a vacuum to the porous cylinder, in
which case the hood is used to distribute the hot air (as shown).
The air can be heated either indirectly through a heat exchanger or directly by mixing with products of
combustion of a clean fuel. In either case, thermal efficiency is significantly increased by recirculating and reheating
part of the through air dryer exhaust. Typical recirculation rates range from 50 to 80% of the process air. This
recirculation system is shown schematically in Fig. 1 and 2. Part of through dryer exhaust is removed from the
recirculation system to take out evaporated water and, if direct fired, combustion water vapor. The air that is
exhausted from the system is made up by fresh air intake, infiltration, and products of combustion.
Information in this paper serves as a general outline of conventional through air dryer machine parameters.
Considerable progress has been made in analytical treatment of both the recirculation system and the through air
drying process. Drying rates, flow velocities and energy levels may be higher for new dryers than the ranges
indicated in this paper. Abbreviated analytical descriptions of the through drying process are presented here to
provide a basic knowledge of the process. Details on the TAD process may be found in the references listed at the
end of this Technical Information Paper.
| Number of Pages : | 8 |
| Published : | 01/01/2009 |
