This report is intended to review and summarize approximately 25 years of industry development and application of 2 ¼ Cr-lMo steel in hydroprocessing reactors. A major part of the research reported herein will be on projects undertaken by Standard Oil Company of California and its subsidiary Chevron Research Company (hereafter collectively referred to as Chevron) beginning in 1962 and continuing today. Discussion is also devoted to field experience with reactors, safeguards necessary to assure safe operation, and stainless steel cladding which is important to overall pressure vessel integrity. Finally, some discussion of ongoing research and needs for future research are identified.
Throughout this report, the term hydroprocessing will be used to represent a wide range of refining processes, including hydrocracking, hydrodesulfurization, and others which react oil with hydrogen, at high pressures (typically 1500-3000 psig), in the presence of a catalyst, at temperatures in the range of 650-850°F. Chemical reactions which occur in these processes are cracking of large hydrocarbon molecules, conversion of nitrogen compounds into ammonia (NH
3), and conversion of sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide (H
2S). Such processes are important in production of low sulfur fuels from high sulfur crude oils, and for conversion of higher boiling point residual oils into lighter transportation fuels such as gasoline and jet fuel, which is an increasingly important requirement as world production of heavier crude oils increases. In addition, production and upgrading of synthetic crude oils from liquefied coal, oil shale, and tar sands will require many hydroprocessing reactor vessels.
| File Size : | 1
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, 2.7 MB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 69 |
| Published : | 1982 |
