To understand the impact of water quality on distribution system hydraulic capacity, C-factor
(Hazen Williams Pipe Roughness Factor) testing, calibration and evaluation were
conducted and/or gathered in several sites around the country. Pipe roughness testing
was conducted during hydraulic modeling calibration to further assess the impact of
varying C-value on distribution system hydraulics. Water treatment processes and
practices were evaluated in parallel to assess the impact of different processes on
distribution system hydraulics. Utilities that operate lime softening systems, for
example, with minimum re-carbonation showed susceptibility to low C-values and thus
lower distribution system carrying capacity.
The negative impact of water quality on distribution system hydraulics is becoming
increasingly important with higher energy costs and therefore, is a critical part of
utility operations that should be carefully evaluated. This paper provides data
from actual water distribution systems across the country were C-value data was
collected and evaluated against water treatment processes. Includes tables, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. - No. |
| File Size : | 1
file
, 1.2 MB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 28 |
| Published : | 11/01/2009 |
