A significant knowledge gap exists for utility managers
struggling to comply with the Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection
Byproducts Rule and other water quality objectives.
This is particularly true for utility managers who
have switched to or are considering switching from free
chlorine to combined chlorine disinfection.
Water chemistry and temperature can significantly
affect chlorine demand and residual chlorine in distribution
systems. Galvanized-iron and unlined cast-iron
pipes are most likely to experience the lowest chlorine
residuals, particularly under low-flow to stagnant-flow
conditions.
This article provides a simplified approach
for combined chlorine modeling, similar to that used
for free chlorine dissipation modeling. Knowledge of
the mechanisms, rates/kinetics, and a simplified
approach to modeling and predicting total chlorine
residuals will enable utility managers to be more comfortable
and confident in decisions they make about
switching to chloramines. Includes 14 references, tables, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. 99 - No. 10 |
| File Size : | 1
file
, 320 KB |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 11 |
| Published : | 10/01/2007 |
