The majority of public water systems utilizing chloramines for secondary disinfection
indicate that nitrification is either an ongoing problem or a concern. Some researchers
have reported that approximately two-thirds of chloraminated systems experience some
indication of nitrification, although conditions do not always warrant taking remedial
measures. The concern regarding nitrification was confirmed through a recent survey of
63 systems that use chloramines. This paper provides some background information on
the importance of nitrification, how to monitor for nitrification, methods of controlling
nitrification, and a suggested action plan for avoiding nitrification.
This paper also outlines a monitoring protocol for nitrification including which
constituents to include in the sampling program, the frequency of monitoring, and how to
interpret the results. Methods of controlling nitrification, including prevention, are
discussed. Included in this discussion are the importance of tracking water quality
changes, suggestions for maintaining chloramine residuals, the need to reduce water age,
and suggested target ratios for chlorine to ammonia.
Remedial methods for controlling nitrification are also discussed. These methods include
periodic breakpoint chlorination, the use of chlorite to stabilize chloramines and reduce
degradation, flushing, and adjusting water quality. The paper concludes with a suggested
action plan for systems using chloramines for secondary disinfection. Includes 5 references, tables, figures.
| Edition : | Vol. - No. |
| File Size : | 1
file |
| Note : | This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus |
| Number of Pages : | 9 |
| Published : | 11/15/2004 |
